കീടരോഗ നിയന്ത്രണം

{]-[m-\s¸«- Io-S-§-Ä

-t^mdo-Uv Cu-¨-I-Ä-

Cu- {]m-Wn-I-Ä-¡v \o-fw- Ip-d-ª- -sIm¼pw- Nn-d-Ip-am-Wp-f-f-Xv  Ch-bpsS ]p-gp-¡-Ä- Iq-Wnsâ -tImi-§-Ä- Xp-c-¶v A-I-¯v- I-b-dn- X-´p¡-Ä- Xn-¶p- \-in-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- -sam«p-I-fn-Â- Z-zm-c-ap-ïm-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p¶p-. Nq-Sp-Å- ka-b-¯mWv C-h- Iq-Sp-X-Â- hn-f-\m-iw- h-cp-¯p-¶-Xv.

-kn-bm-co-Uv Cu-¨-I-Ä-

          ap-«- hn-cn-ªp- h-cp-¶- ]p-gp-¡-Ä- Iq-¬- X´p-¡-Ä- Xn-¶p- \-in-¸n-¨pw- Iq-Wn-sâ ap-I-Ä- `m-K-¯p- Iq-Sn- Xp-f-¨p- I-bdn-bpw- hn-f- \-ãw- D-ïm-¡p-¶p-. am-{X-a-Ã,- C-h- a-WvU-cn- ]-e-X-cw- -tcmKmWp-¡-Ä- F-¶n-h-bpsS hm-l-Ic-m-bpw- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶p-. 

sset¡mdnsbÃ- skmfm-\n-
{_m-Uo-kn-bm- {_q-Wn-]-kv

skkn-Up-I-Ä

      Hm-d-©pw- I-dp-¸pw- I-e-À-¶- \n-d-ap-Å- -sNdn-b- Cu-¨-I-fm-Wv Ch-. c-ï-ä-hpw Iq-À-¯- C-h-bpsS ]p-gp-¡-Ä-¡v, I-gp-¯n-sâ `m-K-¯v I-dp¯- \n-d-am-Wv. Cu- ]p-gp-¡-Ä- Iq-Wn-sâ X-ïv, X-´p-¡-Ä- F-¶n-h- Xn-¶p- \-in-¸n-¡p-¶p-.

 

-a-WvU-cn-I-Ä

      Iq-¬- h-f-À-¯p-¶- ap-dn-I-fn-Â- \n-c-h[-n- C-\-¯n-Âs]«- a-WvU-cn-Isf I-ïp-h-cp-¶p-. ssS-tdm-ss¥^n-Uv a-WvU-cn-I-Ä, Sm-À -tkmWn-a-kv, ]n-Ünt^md-kv Xp-S-§n-b-h-bm-Wv C-h. Iq-Wn-sâ X-´p-¡-fn-Â-\n-\v \o-cq-än- Ip-Sn-¡p-¶- C-h-À- sshd-kp-IfpsS hm-l-Ic-m-bpw- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶p.

\n-am-hn-c-I-Ä-

        Nn-e- \n-am-hn-c-I-Ä-¡v hm-b- `m-K-¯v Iq-À-¯- ap-\-I-Ä- Im-Wp-¶p-. C-Xp]tbmKn-¨v Iq-Wv X-´p-¡-fpsS \o-cv Du-än- Ip-Sn-¡p-I-bpw- C-Xp-aq-ew- Iq¬- X-´p-¡-fpsS hym-]-\s¯ {]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn- _m-[n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p¶p-. am-[y-a-¯n-ep-Å- -shÅ-hpw- -t]mj-I-aq-e-I-§-fpw- D-]tbmKn-¡p-I-bpw- hn-kÀ-Öy- ]-Zm-À°§-Ä- Iq-¬- X-´p-¡-Ä-¡v lm-\nI-c-am-Ip-I-bpw- sN¿p-¶p-.

a-äp- Po-hn-I-Ä-

F-en-I-Ä-, kv{]n-Mv -sSbn-Â-kv, H-¨v ap-X-em-b-h-bpw- Iq-Wns\ \-in-¸n-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv.

Ip-an-Ä- -tcmK-§-Ä-

h-cï- Ip-an-Ä- -tcmKw -:

shÀ-«n-kn-en-bw- C-\-¯n-Â- -s]«- Ip-an-fm-Wv tcmK-Im-cn-. Iq-Wn-sâ ap-I-fn-Â- -sNdn-b- X-hn-«p- \n-d-¯nep-Å- -s]m«p-I-Ä- {]-Xy-£s¸Sp-I-bpw- {ItaW- A-h- H-¶n-¨v h-en-b- s]m«p-I-fm-bn- cq-]m-´-cs¸Sp-I-bpw- -sN¿pw-. -tcmKw- aq-À-Ñn-¡pt¼mÄ- Ip¬-  -sam«p-I-fpsS B-Ir-Xn-bn-Â- hy-Xym-kw- h-cn-I-bpw- Iq-Wn-sâ IpSt]m-sebp-Å- `m-Kw- ]-cp-]-cp-¯-Xm-bn- am-dp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p. Iq-¬- Irjn-¡v D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- B-h-c-W- a-®n-Â-IqsSbpw- am-[y-a-§-fn-eqsSbpw- Iq-¬- ]-dns¨Sp-¡p-¶-h-cneqsSbpw- -t^mdn-Uv Cu-¨-I-fn-eqsSbpw- a®nse -s]mSn-]-S-e§fn-eqsSbpw- a-äp-am-Wv -tcmKm-Wp-¡-fpsS _o-P-§-Ä- ]-I-cp-¶-Xv.  

\-\-ª- Ip-anÄ- -tcmKw- :

C-h- Iq¬- -sam«p-Isf B-{I-an-¨v -shfp-¯- X-´p-¡-Ä- -sImïv A-hsb -s]mXn-bp-¶p-. X-³-aqew- hn-f-hv Ip-d-bp-Ibpw- Iq-¬- X-ïp-I-Ä- ho-À-¯v h-cn-I-bpw- \n-Ýn-X- B-Ir-Xn- C-Ãm-Xm-hp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-. -tcmK-_m-[n-X-am-b- Iq-Wn-Â \n-¶pw- X-hn-«p- \n-d-¯n-ep-Å-Xpw- a-W-ap-Å-Xp-am-b- {Zm-h-Iw- Du-dn-h-cn-I-bpw- sN¿pw-.

shÅ- h-e- -tcmKw- :

-tIknw-Kn-\v D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- B-h-c-W- a-®n-sâ ap-I-fn-Â- -shfp-¯- Nn-e-´n-h-e- I-Ws¡ Ip-an-fn-sâ X´p-¡-Ä- ]-S-À-¶p- h-cp-¶p-. C-h- {ItaW- ]n-¦v \n-d-am-Ip-¶p-. Cu- Ip-an-Ä- Iq-Wn-sâ h-f-À-¨sb {]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn- _m-[n-¡p-¶p-. -tcmKw- _m-[n-¨- Iq¬- sam-«p-I-fpsS D-Ä-`m-Kw- No-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn- Im-Wmw-. tcmK-¯n-sâ- D-Â-`-hw- B-h-c-W- a®n-Â- \n-¶m-Wv. Iq-Sp-X-Â- \-\-ª- a®v, A´-co-£-¯nse A-[n-I-cn-¨v Cu-À-¸w-, Iq-¬- ]-dns¨Sp-¡pt¼mÄ- ho-gp-¶- ]-g-In-b- Iq-Wn-sâ `m-K-§Ä- Xp-S-§n-b-h- -tcmKw- hym-]n-¡p-hm-³- klm-bn-¡p-¶p-. 

]-¨-Ip-an-Ä- -tcmKw- :

F-Ãm- C-\w- Iq-¬- hn-f-I-fn-epw- hn-¯n-epw- C-h- Im-Wm-dpïv. hn-¯ntem, hn-¯v ]m-In-b-Xn-\ptij-ap-Å- B-h-c-W- a-®ntem, s_Íntem ]-¨-\n-d-¯n-ep-Å- h-en-b- ]m-Sp-I-Ä- Im-Ws¸Sp-¶p-. C-Xv Iq¬- hn-¯p-I-fpsS h-f-À-¨sbbpw- Iq-¬- X-´p-¡-fpsS hym-]-\t¯bpw- km-c-am-bn- _m-[n-¡p-¶p.

Iwt]mkväv \n-À-½m-W-¯nse A-]m-IX- -, am-[y-aw- i-cn-bm-bn- A-Wp\m-i-\w- -sN¿msX Ir-jn- -sN¿p-I-. ]-g-In-b,- \n-d-hy-Xym-kw- h-¶- Iq¬- hn-¯v D-]tbmKn-¨p-Å- Ir-jn-, am-[y-a-¯nse A-[n-I-cn-¨- Cu-À-¸w- F-¶nh- -tcmKw- hym-]n-¸n¡p¶-h-bm-Wv.

_m-Îo-cn-b- tcmK-§-Ä-

]p-Ån-¸m-Sv -tcmKw- :

C-h- Iq-¬- -sam«p-Isf _m-[n-¡p-I-bpw- X-Â-^-e-am-bn- a-ª- \n-dw- I-e-À-¶- X-hn«p- \n-dt¯mSp-Iq-Sn-b- ]m-Sp-I-Ä- Iq-Wn-sâ Ip-S- `m-K-¯v {]-Xy-£s¸Sp-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p-. Cu- -tcmK-¯nsâ B-cw-`w- B-h-c-W- a-®n-Â- \n-¶p-am-W.v tcmKw- hym-]n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv \\-¡m-³- D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- -shÅw-, {]m-Wn-I-Ä-, a-WvU-cn-I-Ä-, \n-am-hn-c-I-Ä- Xp-S-§n-b-h-bn-eqsSbm-Wv.

sshd-kv -tcmKw-

Iq-¬- hn-¯nse ]q-¸-Â-_m-[- :

Ct\m¡ptej-³- -sNbvXv 4–5 Zn-h-kw- I-gnbpt¼mÄ- Xs¶ Ip-¸n-I-fn-Â-, Asæn-Â- I-h-dp-I-fn- shfp-¯- \n-d¯n-\p- ]-I-cw- I-dp¸p- -\n-d-¯ntem Asæn-Â- ]-¨-\n-d-¯ntem D-Å- ]q-¸en-sâ h-f-À-¨- ImWp–I-bmsW¦n-Â- A-Xv No-¯-bm-b-Xm-bn- I-cp-Xmw-. Xmsg ]-d-bp-¶- am-À-¤-§-Ä- kzo-I-cn-¨v C-¯-cw- {]-iv\-§-Ä- H-gn-hm-¡m-³- km-[n-¡pw-.

  • h-fsc ip-Nn-X-z-apÅ- ap-dn-I-fn-Â- h-¨v am-{Xw- kv-t]m¬- X-¿m-dm-¡pI-. 30 Un-{K-n-b-n-Â- Iq-Sp-X-Â- A-´-co-£- Du-jvam-hv D-Å- ap-dn-I-fpw- -s]mSn-]-S-e-§-Ä- Im-Ws¸Sp-¶- ap-dn-I-fpw- hn-¯p-Â-]m-Z-\-¯n-\v tbmPn-¨-X-Ã-. [m-\y-§-Ä- i-cn-bm-b- coXn-bn-Â- -thhn-¡p-I-bpw- Ir-Xyam-b- A-f-hn-Â- Im-Õyw- Im-À-_tWäv -tNÀ-¯psImSp-¡p-¶-Xpw- Iq-¬- hn-¯n-sâ i-cn-bm-b- h-f-À-¨-bv¡v B-h-iy-am-Wv
  • Iq-¬- hn-¯n-\pthïn- [m-\y-§-Ä X-¿m-dm-¡pt¼mÄ- i-cn-bm-b- coXn-bn-Â- A-Wp-\-io-I-c-Ww- \-St¯ï-Xm-Wv
  • hn-¯n-sâ Ip-¸n-I-Ä- ]-ªnsImïv `-{Z-am-b- co-Xn-bn-Â- Xs¶ A-S¡-Ww-. C-f-Int]mIp-¶- co-Xn-bn-Â- H-cn-¡-epw- A-S-¡-cp-Xv
  • I-Ä-¨-À- dq-an-sâ hm-Xn-ep-IÄ- C-S-¡nsS Xp-d-¡-cpXv
  • s]m-Sn-bpw- kq-£va- Po-hn-I-fpw- I-S-¡msX kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pthïn- hm-bp-hp-am-bn- k¼-À-¡w- ]p-e-À-¯p-¶- {]-Xe§-Ä- F-ÃmwXs¶ 1% ho-cy-ap-Å- sUtämÄ em-b-\n- D-]tbmKn-¨v Xp-S-¨p- hr¯n-bmt¡ï-Xm-Wv. Ct\m¡ptej-³- -tN¼-dn-\-I-¯v -sU-tämÄ- em-b-\n- D-]tbmKn-¨v Xp-S-¨p-hr-¯n-bmt¡ï-Xm-Wv( Ct\m¡ptej-³- Xp-S-§p-¶-Xn-\p- ap-¼pw- -sNbvX-Xn-\ptij-hpw-)
  • Ct\m¡ptej-³- -tN¼-dn-\-I-¯v 20 – 30 an-\p-«v ka-bw A-Ä-{Sm-h-bseäv em-¼v {]-h-À-¯nt¡ï-Xm-Wv
  • am-k¯n-Â- Ht¶m ctïm X-h-W- A-I-¯p-Å- IÄ-¨-dp-I-Ä-  F-Ãmw- am-än-b-Xn-\p- -tijw- ap-dn- [q-a-\w- sN¿p-¶-Xv \-Ã-Xm-Wv. C-Xn\p- -thïn ap-dn-¡-I-¯v H-cp- _o-¡-À- -sh¨v A-Xn-Â- 10 {Kmw- s]m«mkyw- -s]À-amw-Kt\äv F-Sp-¡p-I-. A-Xnte¡v 20 an-Ãn-  -t^mÀ-am-en-³- Hgn-¨p- -sImSp-¡p-I-. P-\-epw- hm-Xn-epw- A-S-¡p-I-. C-Xn-Â- \n-¶p-apïm-Ip-¶- ]p-I- dq-an-\-I-¯p-Å- kq-£va- Po-hn-Isf-sbÃmw- Xs¶ \-in-¸n-¡p-¶p-. 24 a-Wn-¡q-À- ka-bw- dqw- A-S-¨p- -sh-t¡ï-Xm-Wv. dq-an-Â- {]thin-¡p-¶-Xn-\p- ap-¼v -t^mÀ-am-en-³- ]p-I- am-dn-bn-«p-ïmI-Ww-. Asæn-Â- A-Xv I-®v F-cn-¨n-Â- D-ïm-¡pw- 
  • Ct\m¡ptej-³- \-S-¯pt¼mgpw- h-fscb-[n-Iw- {i-²nt¡ï-XmWv. I-Ä-¨-À- dq-an-sâ hm-Xn-Â- ap-dn-¡-I-¯v {]thin-¨- D-Ss\ Xs¶ A-S-bv-t¡ï-Xm-Wv. Ct\m¡ptej-³- -sN¿pt¼mÄ- kw-km-cn-¡p¶-Xv H-gn-hm-¡-Ww-. Iq-¬- hn-¯v Asæn-Â- -sSkvävSyq-_v Xp-d-¡p¶-Xv Xo-P-zm-e-bpsS kao-]-¯v -sh¨v Xs¶bm-bn-cn-¡-Ww-. D-Ss\ Xs¶ A-Xn-sâ hm-bv `m-Kw- Xo-bn-Â- Im-Wn-¡p-I-bpw- -thWw-. Ct\m¡ptej-³- -sN¿p-¶-Xn-\p- ap-¼v -ssI sUtämÄ- D-]tbmKn¨v Xp-S-¡-Ww-
  • Ct\m¡ptej-³- \o-Un-Â-, -t^mÀ- sk¸vkv F-¶n-h- Xo-bn-Â- Im-Wn¨v A-Wp-\-io-I-c-Ww- \-S-¯p-I-
  • s-_Uv k-t]m¬- \n-À-½n-¡m-\p-]tbmKn-¡p-¶- am-Xr-hn¯v Kp-W\n-e-hm-c-ap-Å-Xm-bn-cn-¡-Ww-
  • I-Ä-¨-À tNÀ-¯v- -sImSp-¡p-¶-Xv h-fsc -s]-s«¶v {i-²m-]q-À-Æw sN-t¿ï- {]-hr-¯n-bm-Wv

    Iq-¬-Ir-jn-bpsS hn-P-b-]-cm-P-b-§-Ä- \n-À-W-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-Â-  tcmK-Io-S- \n-b-{´-W-¯n-\v asä´nt\¡m-fpw- {]m-[m-\y-ap-ïv

h-fscb-[n-Iw- {i-²- B-h-iy-ap-Å- H-cp- cw-K-am-Wv Iq-¬- Ir-jn-. ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿p-¶- Hmtcm L-«-¯n-epw- ]-c-am-h-[n- ip-Nn-X-zw- ]ment¡ï-Xv h-fsc \n-À-_-Ô-am-Wv.

  1.  ssh-t¡mÂ- X¿mdm-¡pt¼mÄ-: ssh-t¡mÂ- kq-£n-¡p-¶-Xpw- ap-dns¨Sp-¡p-¶-Xpw- Iq-¬-im-e-bn-Â- \n¶pw- Ip-d-¨v A-Ise B-bn-cn-¡-Ww-. -ssh-t¡mÂ- ap-dns¨Sp-¡p-¶-h-cpw- ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿p-¶-h-cpw- D-Ss\ Xs¶ I-h-À- \n-d-¡m-³- -t]mI-cp-Xv. BZyw- ]m-Is¸Sp-¯n-b- -ssh-t¡mÂ- I-h-dn-Â- \n-d-¨-Xn-\ptijw- C-¯-cw- tPmen-I-fn-Â- G-Às¸Sp-¶-Xm-Wp- \-Ã-Xv
  2. A-Wp-\-io-I-c-Ww: ssh-t¡mÂ- \-Ã-h-®w- Ip-Xn-À-¶v ar-Zp-hm-bn¯o-cp-hm-³- -thïn -ssh-t¡mÂ- ap-gp-h-\pw- -shÅ-¯n-Â- ap-§-¯-¡-coXn-bn-Â- Ip-Xn-À-¯psh¡-Ww-. C-Xn-\p-ap-¼v Sm-¦n-em-Wv -ssh-t¡mÂ- ap¡nsh¡p-¶sX¦n-Â- -ssh-t¡men-\p-ap-I-fn-Â- I-cn-¦tÃm C-ãn-I-¡-j-W§tfm -sh-t¡ï-Xm-Wv.-ssh-t¡mÂ- ]p-gp-§nsbSp-¡pt¼mÄ- Du-jvamhv 80—90 Un-{Kn-   hsc 40–-60 an-\p-«v ka-bw- \n-e-\n-Àt¯ï-Xm-Wv. -ssh-t¡mÂ- Xn-f-¸n-¡p-¶- dqw- I-h-À- \n-d-¡p-¶- dq-an-sâ kao-]-¯p- Xs¶ B-¡p-¶Xm-Wp- \-Ã-Xv. A-§s\bmsW¦n-Â- A-Wp-\-io-I-c-Ww- \-S-¯n-b- -ssht¡mÂ- I-h-dn-Â- \n-d-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼v Iq-Sp-X-Â- ka-bw- A-´-co-£-hmbp-hp-am-bn- k¼-À-¡w- ]p-e-À-¯p-¶-Xv H-gn-hm-¡m-³- km[-n-¡p-I-bpw- AXp- h-gn-bp-Å- I-ïm-ant\j-³- C-Ãm-Xm-¡m-³- km-[n-¡p-I-bpw- -sN¿p-¶p.
  3. Iq-¬- hn-¯v -tNÀ-¡p-¶- ka-b-¯v: I-h-À- \n-d-¡p¶- ap-dn- Ft¸mgpw- A-S-¨p- -sh¡p-¶-Xm-Wv \-Ã-Xv. A-Xnte¡v {]thi-\w- \n-b-{´nt¡ï-XmWv. B-gv¨-bn-Â- c-ïp-{]m-h-iy-sa¦n-epw- ap-dn- AW-p-\-io-I-c-Ww- \St¯ï-Xm-Wv. -t^mÀ-am-Â-UnsslUv (1–2 %), _m-hn-kvän-³ (0.1%) \phm³- (
    0.1% ) C-h-bn-Â- GsX¦n-epw- H-¶v D-]tbmKn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. I-hdn-Â- -ssh-t¡mÂ- \n-d-¨v hn-¯n-Sp-¶ -{]-hr-¯n- -sN¿p-¶-h-À- -s]mSn-bpw- ]q-¸-ep-ap-Å- kvY-e-§-fn-Â- {]thin-¨tijw- C-Xn-Â- I-b-d-cp-Xv. -tPmen¡m-À- I-p¸n-bn-Â- \n-¶v hn¯v- ]p-ds¯Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\p- ap-¼v Xs¶ ssIbpw- D-]-I-c-W§-fpw- B-Â-¡tlm-tfm sUtäm-tfm D-]tbmKn-¨v AWp-\-io-I-cWw \-St¯ï-Xm-Wv. kv-t]m¬- h-f-cp-hm-³- thïn- i-cn-bmb- Du-jvam-hn-Â- C-cp-«p- ap-dn-I-fn-Â- kq-£n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wp- \-Ã-Xv. C-S-¡nsS _mKpI-Ä- \n-co-£n-¡p-I-bpw- GsX¦n-epw- X-c-¯n-Â- I-ïm-ant\j-³- Iïm B- dq-an-Â- \n-¶v am-än- -sh¡-Ww-. ]-¨-\n-d-¯ntem I-dp-¸p- \n-d¯ntem Im-Wp-¶-Xv a-äv Ip-an-fp-I-fpsS h-f-À-¨sbbm-Wv kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. GsX¦n-epw- H-cp-`m-K-¯p-am-{Xta C-¯-c-¯n-Â- I-ïm-ant\j-³- Im-Wp-¶p-Åp- F-¦n-Â- B- `m-Kw- hr-¯n-bm-¡n- _m-hn-kvän-³ -(0.1% )  {_-jv sNbvXv -sImSp-¡p-I-. Iq-Sp-X-Â- kvY-e-¯v hym-]n-¨n-«psï¦n-Â- A-¯-cw- _m-Kp-I-Ä- \-in-¸n-¨v I-f-bp-¶-Xm-Wv \-Ã-Xv.
  4. hn-fshSp-¸v \-S-¯pt¼mÄ-: Iq-¬-im-e-bn-Â- Bh-iyamb- Du-jvamhv, hm-bp- k©m-cw-, B-À-{Z-X-, {]-Im-iw-, X-Wp-¸v F-¶n-h- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯-Ww. kµ-À-i-I-cpsS {]thi-\w- C-Xnte¡v h-fscb-[n-Iw- \n-b-{´nt¡ï-XmWv. -sjÍnte¡v I-b-dp-¶-Xn-\p- ap-¼v H-cp- -sNdn-b- X-S-¯n-Â- sI«n-\n-À¯n-b- -s]m«m-kyw- -s]À-amw-Kt\äv em-b-\n-bn-Â- Im-Â- I-gp-In-b-Xn\ptijw- A-I-¯p-{]thin-¡m-\p-Å- ku-I-cyw- H-cp-¡p-¶-Xm-Wp- \-Ã-Xv. Iq-¬- -im-e-bn- Im-À-_-¬-UtbmIvsskUn-sâ A-f-hv Iq-Sn-bm-Â- Xïn-\v \o-fw- sh¡p-I-bpw -sN¿pw- A-Xn-\v ip-²- hm-bp- I-S-¡p-hm-³- kuI-cy-ap-ïm-¡-Ww-. shÅw- \-\-¡p-¶-Xv H-cn-¡-epw- Iq-Sp-hmt\m Ip-d-bphmt\m ]m-Sn-Ã-. Cu¨-I-fpw- {]m-Wn-I-fpw- Iq-¬- im-e-bn-Â- {]thin-¡p-¶Xp- X-S-bp-hm-³- -thïn- P-\-en-\pw- hm-Xn-en-\pw- -t\cn-b- C-g-b-Sp-¸-ap-Å- I¼n-h-e- -sI«ns¡mSp-¡p-¶-Xv B-h-iy-am-Wv. 
  5. hn-fshSp-¸n-\v -tijw-: Iq-¬- im-e-bpsS Np-äpw- Nm-W-Iw-, Iq-¬- hn-fshSp-¯-Xn-\ptij-ap-Å- ssh-t¡mÂ-, a-äv am-en-\y-§-Ä- F-¶n-h- Iq-«n-bn-S-cp-Xv. A-h-bn-Â- \n-¶v tcmKm-Wp-¡-fpw- Io-S-§-fpw- Iq¬ -im-e-bnte¡v {]thin-¡mw-. Iq-¬- ime-bv¡v Np-äpw- ]p-Ãpw-, Im-«psNSn-I-fpw- h-f-À-¶p- \n-Â-¡m-³- A-\p-h-Zn-¡cp-Xv. D-]tbmKn-¨p- I-gn-ª -ssh-t¡mÂ- It¼mkväp-ïm-¡m-³- -thïn- Iq-«nsh¡p-I-bmsW¦n-Â- A-h-bn-Â- -t^mÀ-am-Â-UnsslUv (4%), _m-hnkvän-³ -(0.1 %), \phm-³-( 0.1%) F-¶n-h- -sh-tÆ-sd X-fn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wp- \-Ã-Xv. C-§s\ -sNbvXm-Â- C-Xn-Â- \n-¶v Ip-an-fp-I-fpw- Io-S§fpw- ]-I-cp-¶-Xv X-S-bm-³- ]-äpw-. ssh-t¡mÂ- Ip-Xn-À-¯psh¨- -shÅw- am-[y-aw- X-¿m-dm-¡p-hm-³thïn- D-]tbmKn-¡-cp-Xv.